FIGURE 3. Ceramide and Glycolipid Metabolism

GalCer synthase = galactosylceramide synthase; GalCeramidase = galactosylceramidase; GCase = glucocerebrosidase; GluCer synthase = glucosylceramide synthase; LacCer synthase = lactosylceramide synthase; SMase = sphingomyelinase; SMS = sphingomyelin synthase.
Reprinted from Mielke MM, Maetzler W, Haughey NJ, et al. Plasma ceramide and glucosylceramide metabolism is altered in sporadic Parkinson’s disease and associated with cognitive impairment: a pilot study. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e73094.